Syllabus : Earth, Atmospheric, Ocean and Planetary Sciences

PAPER -I (SECTION A)

1. General information on science and its interface with society to test the candidate's awareness of science, aptitude of scientific and quantitative reasoning.

2. COMMON ELEMENTRY COMPUTER SCIENCE (Applicable to all candidates in all subject areas). (i) History of development of computers, Mainframe, mini, micro and Super Computer Systems.

(ii) General awareness of computer Hardware i.e. CPU and other peripheral devices (input/output and auxiliary Storage (devices).

(iii) Basic knowledge of computer systems software and programming language i.e. Machine language. Assembly language and higher level language.

(iv) General awareness of popular commercial software packages like LOTUS, DBASE, WordStar, other scientific application packages.

PAPER -I (SECTION B)

1. About the Earth: The earth and the solar system; important physical parameters and properties of the planet earth; abundance of elements in the earth; primary differentiation of the earth and composition of its various zones; composition of meteorites and the solar photosphere; shape and internal structure of the earth. Uniformitarianism; geological time scale; use of fossils and nuclear clocks in the subdivision of geological time.

2. Materials of the Earth: Gross composition and physical properties of important rocks and minerals; properties and processes responsible for mineral concentrations; nature and distribution of rocks and minerals in different units of the earth; deformation of rocks; folds and faults and their surface expressions.

3. Surface Features and Processes: Physiography of the earth; landscape and seafloor; weathering, erosion, transportation and deposition of earth's material; formation of soil, sediments and sedimentary rocks; energy balance of the earth's surface processes.

4. Internal Features and Processes: Elastic waves and fine structure of the earth: crust, mantle and core; thermal, gravitational and magnetic fields of the earth; origin of the main geomagnetic field; mantle convection and plate tectonics; earthquakes and volcanoes; Isostasy.

5. The Atmosphere: Composition of the atmosphere and its internal structure; prevailing and adiabatic lapse rates; instability of dry and moist air; geopotential; cloud classification; condensation nucleii; artificial precipitation. Fundamental forces in the atmosphere; Coriolis force and the geostrophic wind; basic structure and mechanism of atmospheric general circulation; monsoon systems; cyclones, anticyclones and tornadoes; jet streams; climate and climatic changes: natural and human induced factors.

6. The Hydrosphere: The hydrological cycle; inter-relationship of surface and ground water; seafloor spreading and hydrothermal vents; marine sediments, their composition and uses; distribution of temperature and salinity in the ocean; surface circulation, causes of ocean currents and important current systems; deep circulation. Water masses -their formation and characteristics; convergence and upwelling of ocean waters; sea level changes; waves and tides; chemistry of sea water; biological controls on the composition of the oceans; oceanic modulation of climatic changes; estuary, bay and marine pollution.

7. Geology and Geography of India: Land, biotic and mineral resources and their role in development; salient aspects of plant zoogeography; geologic setting; location and approximate reserves of minerals, fuel and water resources of the Indian territory. Important geological features of the Precambrian shield, the Gondwanas, the Deccan Trap, Indo-Gangetic Plains, the Himalaya -their physiography, landforms, drainage systems. Soils; their characteristics and distribution; climate and population; location of important natural resources and renewable sources of energy in relation to industrial centres.

8. Man and Environment: Ecology, ecosystem and biotic communities; carbon and nutrient cycling and food- chain; human impact on air, land, soil, water, climate and forest resources; conservation of resources; coping with natural hazards; problems of pollution and waste; application of engineering geology to development without destruction; optimum use of energy alternatives.

PAPER II

1. GEOLOGY:

(i) Geomorphology: Landforms -their types and development; weathering, transport and erosion; landforms in relation to rock type, structure and tectonics. Soils -their development and types. Geomorphic processes and their impact on various landforms and associated dynamics -slope, channel, coastline, glacial and aeolian; evolution of major geomorphological features of the Indian sub-continent; geomorphometric analysis and modelling.

(ii) Sedimentology: Classification of sedimentary rocks; petrography of rocks of clastic, chemical and biochemical origin. Sedimentary textures and structures. Diagenesis; marine, non- marine and mixed depositional environments. Facies association, sedimentation and tectonics; basin analysis; Reconstruction of palaeoenvironments using radioactive and stable isotopes.

(iii) Paleontology: Origin and evolution of life; fossils and their uses; species concept; functional morphology, classification and evolution of important invertebrate, vertebrate and plant fossils; biomineralisation and trace fossils; types of microfossils and their applications; palaeobiogeography and palaeoecology; evolution of man. Oxygen and carbon isotopic studies on fossils; analysis of palaeontological record for tracing plate tectonics processes.

(iv) Stratigraphy: Recent developments in stratigraphic classification: Litho bio- and chrono stratigraphic units and their interrelationships; modern methods of stratigraphic correlation; steps in stratigraphic studies; approaches to palaeogeography; Earth's climatic history. Rocks of Phanerozoic Eon in India -their intercontinental correlations with special reference to type localities; boundary problems in stratigraphy; geodynamic evolution of the Indian subcontinent through the Phanerozoic.

(v) Structural Geology and Geotectonics: Concepts of stress and strain: strain analysis using deformed objects; geometric classification of folds; mechanics of folding; folding in shear zones; geometry of superposed folding; structural analysis in terrains with multiple deformation; foliation and lineation; geometry and mechanics of shear zones; brittle-ductile and ductile structures in shear zones; geometry of thrust sheets. Classification of unconformities; map patterns and their uses in the determination of large-scale structures. Isostasy; seismicity; sea-floor spreading and plate tectonics; orogenesis; orogenic belts of India ; Evolution of the Himalaya and Himalayan tectonics.

(vi) Mineralogy: Concept of symmetry, point group, lattice and space group; principles of crystal chemistry; principles of optical and X-ray mineralogy. Structural classification of minerals; structure and its interrelation with physical and chemical properties of minerals; important phase diagrams of major rockforming minerals and ore minerals; principles of geothermo-barometry.

(vii) Geochemistry: Abundances of elements; structure and atomic properties of elements; the Periodic Table; geochemical classification and distribution of elements in the earth; principles of geochemical cycling; principles of ionic substitution in minerals; laws of thermodynamics; concepts of free energy, activity, fugacity and equilibrium constant; thermodynamics of ideal, non ideal and dilute solutions; element partitioning in minerals/rock formation and concept of distribution coefficients; concept of P- T -X, Eh-pH diagrams and mineral stabilities; radioactive decay schemes, growth of daughter isotopes and radiometrics dating; stable isotopes and their fractionation. Mineral/Mineral assemblages as 'sensors' of ambient environments.

(viii) Petrology: Phase equilibria studies of single, binary, ternary and quaternary silicate systems with reference to petrogenesis; magmas, their generation in the crust and mantle, their emplacement and their relation to plate tectonics; magmatic crystallization, differentiation and assimilation; classification of igneous rocks; major and trace elements and isotopic composition of igneous rocks in the context of petrogenesis; petrogenesis of important types of igneous rocks; volatile components in petrogenesis. Physical and rheological properties of silicate melts -Bingham liquid; partial melting and fractional crystallization in closed and open system models. Role of T, P and fluids in metamorphism; metamorphic facies; mineral assemblages and important reactions in different facies; types of metamorphism and metamorphic -belts; relationship among metamorphism, anatexis and grantization. Petrogenetic aspects of important rocks of India such as the Deccan Trap, the Layered intrusions, charnockites, khondalites and 'gondites'.

(ix) Ore Geology: Physico-chemical controls of deposition and of post-depositional changes in ores: geological processes of formation of economic mineral deposits: global metallogeny as related to crustal evolution; metallogenesis in space and time. Elements of ore petrology; mineral assemblages and fluid inclusions as 'sensors' of ore-forming environments; Live ore- forming systems. Geological setting, characteristics features and genesis of ferrous and non-ferrous ore deposits of India . Metallogenic history of India .

(x) Marine Geology: Morphological and tectonic domains of the ocean floor; midocean ridge systems; seawater- basalt interaction and hydrothermal vents; models and rates of ocean circulation and of sedimentation in the oceans; diagenetic changes in oxic and anoxic environments; mobility of redox metals; major components of marine sediments and processes regulating sediment composition; geochronology of marine sediments from radioactivity measurements; sedimentary markers of palaeoenvironmental conditions; mineral resources of the oceans and factors controlling their distribution. Ocean margins; nature of deep-sea sediments, their chronology and correlation; tectonic history of the oceans.

(xi) Petroleum and Coal Geology: Origin, migration and entrapment of petroleum; properties of source and reservoir rocks; structural, stratigraphic and combinations traps. Techniques of exploration. Petroliferous basins of India . Origin of peat, lignite, bitumen and anthracite. Classification, rank and grading of coal; coal petrography, coal measures of India .

(xii) Precambrian Geology and Crustal Evolution: Evolution of the early crust, early Precambrian life, lithological, geochemical and stratigraphic characteristics of granite- greenstone and granulite belts. Stratigraphy and geochronology of the Precambrian terrains of India .

(xiii) Applied Geology:

(a) Photogeology and Remote Sensing: Elements of photogrammetry; elements of photo interpretation; electromagnetic spectrum, emission range, film and imagery; multispectral sensors; geological interpretation of air-photos and imagery.

(b) Engineering Geology: Mechanical properties of rocks; geological investigations for the construction of dams, bridges, highways and tunnels.

(c) Mineral Exploration: Geological and geophysical methods of surface and subsurface exploration on different scales, sampling, assaying and evaluation of mineral deposits; geochemical and geobotanical surveys in exploration.

(d) Hydrogeology: Ground water, Darcy's law; hydrological characteristics of aquifers; hydrological cycle; precipitation, evapotranspiration and infiltration processes; hydrological classification of water-bearing formations; fresh and salt water relationship in coastal and inland areas; ground water exploration and management, water pollution; ground water regimes in India.

2. PHYSICAL GEOGRAPHY:

(i) Geomorphology: Landforms -their types and developments; weathering, transport and erosion; landforms in relation to rock type, structure and tectonics. Soils -their development and types. Geomorphic processes and their impact on various landforms and associated dynamics -slope, channel coastline, glacial and aeolian; evolution of major geomorphological features of the Indian subcontinent. Geomorphometric analysis and modelling.

(ii) Climatology: Fundamental principles of climatology: Earth- sun relationship: earth's radiation balance, latitudinal and seasonal variation of insolation, temperature humidity, wind and precipitation. Indian climatology with special reference to seasonal distribution and variations of temperature, humidity, wind and precipitation: air masses notably monsoons, and jet streams, tropical cyclones, and cloud formation, classification of climates: Koppen's and Thornthwaite's scheme as applicable to India . Climate zones of India . Hydrological cycle and water balance. Climate change: green house warming, stratospheric ozone depletion. Palaeoclimatology. 

(iii) Geohydrology: Ground water as part of the hydrological cycle; precipitation and evapotranspiration and infiltration processes; rainfall-run off analysis: stream flow, stage- discharge relationship: hydrograph and flood frequency analysis. Hydrological classification of water-bearing formations, fresh and salt-water relationship in coastal and inland areas: ground water regimes in India . Principles of management of water resources; concept of safe yield; water balance studies and conjunctive use of surface and ground water; ground water problems and their management in India.

(iv) Biogeography: Elements of biogeography with special reference to India; environment, habitat and plant- animal association: zoogeography of India : distribution of major animal groupings; elements of plant geography, distribution of forests and major plant communities. National forest policy, conservation of forests: afforestation, social forestry; ecology and man in India . Ecological balance, environmental pollution and deterioration.

(v) Oceanography: Submarine relief, continental shelf, continental slope, ocean deeps; temperature of ocean water; salinity in the coastal open and enclosed seas; movement of ocean waters; waves, tides, currents; island arcs and coral reefs; and atolls; oceanic deposits.

3. GEOPHYSICS:

(i) Geophysical Fields: Concept of fields; scalar, vector and tensor; conservation laws; mass, momentum, energy and charge; constitutive relations: and dynamical equations: elastic, viscous, electro-magnetic, and thermal; Laws of thermodynamics and entropy; Partial differential equations of physics: wave, diffusion, potential and Schrodinger; analytical (Green's functions and integral transforms) and numerical (Spectral, finite difference and finite element) methods for solving initial value and boundary value problems of geophysics. Linear instability theory and onset of convection; Benard Cells; Elements of nonlinear instability in fluids; Theory of At tractors; phase space, critical points, limit cycles and bifurcation of nonlinear systems.

(ii) Signal Processing: Continuous and discrete signals: Fourier analysis; linear time-invariant systems with deterministic and random inputs; bandlimited signals and sampling theorem: Z- transform, discrete and Fast Fourier transforms; filters: discrete and continuous, recursive and non-recursive, optimal, inverse filters, deconvolution. Estimation of signal parameters, system identification. Hypothesis testing.

(iii) Solid Earth: Gravity and figure of the Earth: spheroid and geoid: mass inhomogenetics and associated gravity anomalies; geoidal undulations and deflection of the vertical; isostasy: local and regional compensation mechanisms. Seismology: causes and space distribution of earthquakes; theory of seismic waves; (body and surface waves), free oscillations, application for estimating earth structure and earthquake source parameters: earthquake hazard assessment. Geomagnetism: main field, its secular variation and reversals; remnant magnetization, paleomagnetism and lithospheric movements; geodynamo theory and hydromagnetic waves; magnetosphere and geomagnetic storms. Electrical structure of the earth; geomagnetic and magnetotelluric depth sounding. Plate tectonics theory: kinematics, dynamics and evolution of plates: types of boundaries, processes and corresponding geophysical and geological signatures. Heat flow: thermal and mechanical structure of continental and oceanic lithosphere; role of fluids in crustal processes; mantle convection. Mineral physics; constraints on earth structure from seismological and petrological investigations.

(iv) Geophysical Exploration: Basic principles: various methods, their distincitve features, scope, limitations and prospects of conjuctive use. Geophysical exploration from the air, on the ground, in bore holes, across drill holes, in underground mines and in the oceans.

Instruments used: theory, behaviour and precision of spring-mass systems, magnetometers (suspended magnet type, nuclear precession, nuclear resonance, flux gate and superconducting), Gravimeters (land, shipborne, spaceborne and borehole), wide band seismograph and geophone systems. Electrical systems, (resistivity, IP , MT , EM, TEM), Well logging units (caliper, electrical, radiation, acoustic, dipmeter, televiewer, induction, nuclear magnetism log) and seismic sources.

Principles of measuring complex signals; measurements in time and frequency domain. Pseudorandom sources for electrical and seismic exploration.

Signal Analysis: Gravity (free air, Bouguer, terrain, drift and Eotvos corrections) and magnetic (diurnal) and latitude (corrections) data reduction; regional and residual separation; derivatives, continuation and reduction to pole of potential field data. Electrical/EM data processing, Seismic (velocity analysis, signal enhancement, deconvolution, migration and time to depth conversion), Shear wave, VSP, 2-D/3D multifold and marine data processing. Numerical experiments for computer aided design of high-resolution field measurements; sensitivity analysis of various control parameters for maximum information/uncertainty ratio.

(v) Geophysical Inversion and Interpretation: Distinction between well-posed and ill-posed problems. Generalized inversion techniques: error analysis and the study of resolution and uniqueness in geophysical interpretation; Backus-Gilbert inversion method: linear and non-linear programming methods; Joint inversion of geophysical data and effective strategies for integrated geophysical exploration from a system's viewpoint. Interpretation for average value of physical properties of rocks and minerals and their structure; direct detection of hydrocarbons (fluid content); lithostratigraphy, ground water, ore deposit, engineering sites, environmental parameters.

4. OCEANOGRAPHY:

(i) Physical Oceanography: Equation of State of seawater, current system including under current, their formation and theories, oceanic fronts.

Subtropical current system -Western and Eastern boundary currents Somali current thermohalineand abyssal circulation; formation of water masses mixing and double diffusion.

TSV diagrams; computation of divergence and estimation of vertical velocity; acoustics and optics.

(ii) Dynamical Oceanography: Equations of motion of frictionless ocean currents; scale analysis; barotropic and baroclinic approximation; geostrophic currents in a stratified ocean, the 2- layer approximation, and White-Margules equation; gradient currents and mass stratification; relative currents and slope currents; Ekman's theory, Sverdrup, Stommel and Munk's theories; Upwelling and sinking with special reference to the Indian ocean.

(iii) Ocean Waves and Tides: Small amplitude ocean waves; wave celerity; wave energy and group velocity. Finite amplitude waves, long waves and internal wave; wind waves, their origin, growth, propagation and decay; significant wave height and period. Waves spectrum, Principles of wave forecasting 5MB and PNJ methods; tides, their causes, variation and types; tidal currents; harmonic analysis, finite difference method and prediction of tides.

(iv) Air-Sea Interaction: Laminar and turbulent flows; Reynolds stresses; Richardson's criterion for turbulence; principles of Prandtl's mixing length theory; Taylor's statistical theory and Kolmogoroffs similarity theory; Air Sea interaction at various scales; planetary and laminar boundary layer, surface layer and spiral layer; Sea surface as a lower boundary of air-flow, and its geometry; wind field in the first few meters of the sea surface, wind structure in the maritime frictional layer; transfer of heat and water vapour, determination of air-sea fluxes; energy exchange and global heat and water budgets, convection and its role in tropical circulations, effects of upwelling and sinking on the ocean-atmosphere system.

(v) Coastal and Estuarine Oceanography: Factors influencing coastal processes; transformation of waves in shallow water; Effects of stratification; effect of bottom friction, phenomena of wave reflection, refraction and diffraction; breakers and surf; littoral currents; wave action on sediments -movement to beach material; rip currents; beach stability ocean beach nourishment; harbour resonance; seiches; Tsunamis; Interaction of waves and structure. Sea Walls, groynes, revetments, etc. Estuaries: classification and nomenclature; tides in estuaries; estuarine circulation and mixing; depth -averaged and breadth -averaged models; sedimentation in estuaries; salinity intrusion in estuaries; Effect of stratification; coastal pollution; mixing and diffusion dispersal of pollutants in estuaries and nearshore areas; standing concentration; coastal zone management.

(vi) Chemical Oceanography: Major and minor constituents of sea- water and their residence times; processes controlling the composition of sea-water; Dissolved gases in sea-water; their sources and sinks. Carbondioxide system, distribution of alkalinity; Physical chemistry of seawater; dynamic equilibrium in chemical composition of the ocean including trace metals, organic materials. Biogeochemical cycling and its effect on atmospheric composition and climate. Inter-relationships between ocean circulation, primary productivity and chemical composition of the atmosphere and ocean.

Stable and radioactive isotopes; chemistry of interstitial waters and transfer of solutes across the sediment- water interface; marine pollution, pathways of transfer of various pollutants (petroleum hydrocarbons, pesticides, trace metals etc.) and their fates in the sea.

Chemistry of marine natural products; biomedical potential of marine biota: remote sensing of the oceans.

(vii) Marine Geology: Morphological and tectonic domains of the ocean floor. Mid-oceanic ridge systems, hydrothermal vents and sea-water basalt interaction; modes and rates of sedimentation in the oceans; diagenetic changes in oxic and anoxic environments, mobility of redoxmetals; nature of deep sea sediments and processes and regulating sedimentary composition; geochronology of marine sediments, sedimentary markers (biological and chemical) of paleoenvironmental conditions. Mineral resources of the ocean - phosphorites, manganese and other deposits and the factors controlling their distribution.

(viii) Marine Biology: Sea as a biological environment; divisions of the marine environment and their characteristics fauna and flora and their adaptations. Marine ecosystems: rocky shores, sandy shores, estuarine, mangroves and coral reefs; description of communities, community structure and function: plankton, nekton and benthos; primary, secondary and tertiary production; food web and trophic structure; living resources of the Indian seas; mariculture: culture of molluses, crustacean, fishes and seaweeds.

5. METEOROLOGY:

(i) Climatology : Fundamental principles of climatology; Earth- sun relationship: earth's radiation balance, latitudinal and seasonal variation of insolation, temperature, humidity, wind and precipitation. Indian climatology with special reference to seasonal distribution and variations of temperature, humidity, wind and precipitation: air masses notably monsoons, and jet streams, tropical cyclones, and cloud formation, classification of climates: Koppen's and Thornthwaite's schemes as applicable to India. Climatic zones of India . Hydrological cycle and water balance. Climate change: green house warming, stratospheric ozone depletion. Palaeoclimatology.

(ii) Physical Meteorology: Layered structure of the atmosphere and its composition. Radiation: basic Laws - Raleigh and Mie scattering, multiple scattering, radiation from the sun, solar constant, effect of clouds, surface and planetary albedo. Emission and absorption of terrestrial radiation, radiation windows, radiative transfer, Greenhouse effect, net radiation budget; Derivation of radiance parameters from satellite observations. Thermodynamics of dry and moist air: specific gas constant, Adiabatic and Non adiabatic processes, entropy and enthalphy, Moisture variables, virtual Temperature; Clausius -Clapeyron equation, adiabatic process of a moist air; thermodynamic diagram: Emagram, tephigram, skew T -Iog p and Stuve diagrams. Hydrostatic equilibrium: Hydrostatic equation, variation of pressure with height, geopotential, standard atmosphere, altimetry. Vertical stability of the atmosphere: Dry and moist air parcel and slice methods, Entrainment, Bubble theory, Diurnal variation of lapse rate, convection in the atmosphere.

(iii) Atmospheric Electricity: Fair weather electric field in the atmosphere and potential gradients, ionisation in the atmosphere, conduction currents, air-earth currents, point discharge currents. Electrical fields in thunderstorms, theories of thunderstorm electrification, lightning discharges.

(iv) Cloud Physics: Cloud classification, condensation nuclie, growth of cloud drops and ice-crystals, precipitation mechanisms: Bergeron, Findeisen process, coalescence process -Precipitation of warm and mixed clouds, artificial precipitation, hail supression, fog and cloud -dissipation, radar observation of clouds and precipitation, radar equation, rain-drop spectra, radar echoes of hail and tornadoes, radar observation of hurricanes, measurements of rainfall by radar.

(v) Dynamical Meteorology: Basic equations and fundamental forces: Pressure gravity, centripetal and coriolis forces, continuity equation in Cartesian and isobaric coordinates. A momentum equation in rotating, cartesian, and spherical coordinates; scale analysis, Inertial flow, Geostrophic and gradient winds, thermal wind. Divergence and vertical motion, Rossby, Richardson , Reynolds and Froude numbers. Circulation vorticity and divergence: Bjerknese circulation theorem and applications, Vorticity and divergence equations, Scale analysis, Potential vorticity, Stream function, velocity potential. Atmospheric turbulence: Mixing length theory, planetary boundary layer equations, surface layer, Ekmann layer, eddy transport of heat, water vapour and momentum, Richardson criterion. Linear perturbation theory: Internal and external gravity waves, Inertia waves, gravity waves, Rossby waves, wave motion in the tropics, barotropic and baroclinic instabilities; Taylor -Goldstein instability; theorems of Mines, Fjortozt, Howard and Pedlosky. Atmospheric energetics: Kinetic, potential and internal energies -Conversion of potential and internal energies into Kinetic energy, available potential energy.

(vi) Numerical Weather Prediction: Computational instability, filtering of sound and gravity waves, filtered forecast equations, barotropic and equivalent barotropic models, two parameter baroclinic model, relaxation method, Two layer primitive equation model; short, medium and long range weather prediction models; objective analysis; Initialisation of the data for use in weather prediction models; data assimilation techniques.

(vii) General Circulation and Climate Modelling: Observed zonally symmetric circulations, meridional circulation models, mean meridional and eddy transport of momentum and energy, angular momentum and energy budgets; zonally asymmetric features of general circulation; standing eddies; east-west circulations in tropics; climate variability and forcings; feedback processes, low frequency variability, ENSO, OBO and sunspot cycles. Basic principles of general circulation modelling; Grid-point and spectral GCMs; role of the ocean in climate modelling; interannual variability of ocean fields (SST, winds, circulation, etc.) and its relationship with monsoon, concepts of ocean -atmosphere coupled models.

(viii) Synoptic Meteorology : Synoptic charts, Weather observations, and transmission. Analysis of surface, upper air and other derivative charts; Stream lines, isotachs and countour analysis; tilt and slope of pressure/ weather systems with height. Synoptic weather forecasting, Prediction of Weather elements such as rain, maximum and minimum temperature and fog; hazardous weather elements like thundestorms, duststorms, tornadoes, dates of onset, and withdrawal of monsoons, break monsoon; formation and movement of western disturbances, depressions and tropical cyclones; intensification, weakening, deepening and filling of surface pressure systems. Air masses and fronts: Sources, origin and classification of air masses; classification of fronts, frontogenesis and frontolysis; structure of cold and warm fronts; Weather systems associated with fronts. Extra-tropical synoptic scale features: jet streams, extratropical cyclones; anticyclones and blockings. Tropical synoptic meteorology: Trade wind inversion; ITCZ; monsoon trough; Tropical cyclones, their structure and development theory; Monsoon depressions; tropical easterly jet stream; Somali Jet; Waves in easterlies; western disturbances; SW and NE Monsoons; synoptic features associated with onset, withdrawal, break, active and weak monsoons.

(ix) Aviation Meteorology: Meteorological hazards to aviation; take-off, \anding, inflight-icing, turbulence, visibility, fog, clouds, rain, gusts, wind shear and thunderstorms.

(x) Satellite Meteorology: Meteorological satellites: Polar orbitting and geostationary satellites, Visible and infrared radiometers, multiscanner ratiometers; identification of synoptic systems, fog and sandstorms, detection of cyclones, estimation of SST and cloud top temperatures, winds, and rainfall; temperature and humidity soundings.